Talk Show References
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Listed below are the references I used for the TV talk show studies, particularly for my dissertation and the literature review on social comparison theory and self-enhancement
  • Abt, V., & Mustazza, L.  (1997).  Coming After Oprah: Cultural fallout in the age of the TV talk show.   Bowling Green, OH :  Bowling Green State University Popular Press.
  • Andrews, F. M., & Robinson, J. P.  (1991).  Measures of subjective well-being.  In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (pp. 61-114). San Diego, CA:  Academic Press.
  • Bander, David.  (1996, Feb. 6).  Sleaze sells on TV talk shows. [On-line Internet home page],  Associated Press,  The Daily Iowan, (Internet Address:  http://www.uiowa.edu/~dlyiowan.issuev127/i136/ menu/)
  • Bernstein, C.  (1994).  Talk Show Nation.  New Perspectives Quarterly, v11(3), 22-27. 
  • Blascovich, J. & Tomaka, J.  (1991).  Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (pp. 115-160). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Brown, J. D., Collins, R. L., & Schmidt, G. W. (1988).  Self-esteem and direct versus indirect forms of self-enhancement.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 445-453.
  • Brown, J. D., Novick, N. J., Lord, K. A., & Richards, J. M.  (1992).  When Gulliver travels: Social context, psychological closeness, and self-appraisals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(5), 717-727.
  • Bryant, J., & Zillman, D.  (1984).  Using television to alleviate boredom and stress: Selective exposure as a function of induced excitational states.  Journal of Broadcasting. 28,(1),  1-20.
  • Buunk, B. P.  (1995).  Comparison direction and comparison dimension among disabled individuals: Toward a refined conceptualization of social comparison under stress, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 316-330.
  • Campbell, J. D. (1986).  Similarity and uniqueness: The effects of attribute type, relevance, and individual differences in self-esteem and depression.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 281-294.
  • Carter, B.  (1996).  "Killing linked to Jenny Jones causes some producers to rethink" Cybersizzle, [On-line, E-mail, Internet Home Page], 4 November 1996.
  • Cash, T. F., Cash, D. W., & Butters, J. W.  (1983).  Mirror, mirror, on the wall...?": Contrast effects and self-evaluations of physical attractiveness.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 351-358.
  • Collins, R. L.  (1996).  For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluation, Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 51-69.
  • Conway, J. C., & Rubin, A. M.  (1991).  Psychological predictors of television viewing motivations, Communication Research, 18(4), 443-464.
  • Cook, T., & Campbell, D.  (1979).  Quasi-experimentation:  Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1988).  Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO personality inventory.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 853-863.
  • Crocker, J., &  Major, B. (1989).  Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.  Psychological Review, 96(4), 608-630.
  • Crocker, J., Thompson, L. L., McGraw, K.,, & Ingerman, .  (1987).  Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: Effects of self esteem and threat.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 907-916.
  • Deutsch, M., & Krauss, R. M.  (1965).  Theories in social psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books. 
  • Dittmar , M.  (1994).   Depression, gender, and television.  Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9(2), 317-328.
  • Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E.  (1985).  Factors predicting satisfaction judgments: A comparative examination, Social Indicators Research, 16, 157-167.
  • Festinger, L.  (1954).  A theory of social comparison processes.  Human Relations, 7,  117-140.
  • Friend, R. M.,  & Gilbert, J.  (1973).  Threat and fear of negative evaluation as determinants of locus of social comparison.  Journal of Personality, 41, 328 -340.
  • Frisby, C. M.,  & Weigold, M . F.  (1994).  Gratifications of talk: Esteem and affect related consequences of viewing television talk shows.   Paper presented at the 1994  AEJMC Convention, Atlanta, GA.
  • Gamson, J.   (1995).  Do ask, do tell: Freak Talk on TV, The American Prospect, New Prospect, Inc.
  • Gibbons, F. X. (1986).  Social comparison and depression: Company's effect on misery.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 140-148.
  • Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M.  (1989).  Effects of upward and downward social comparison on mood states.  Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 14-31.
  • Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M.  (1991).   Downward comparison and coping with threat. In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social Comparison Processes: Contemporary theory and research. (pp. 317 - 345).  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Goethals, G. R.  (1986).  Social comparison theory: Psychology from the lost and found.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(3),  261-278.
  • Gump, B. E., & Kulik, J. A.  (1995).  The effect of a model's HIV status on self-perceptions: A self-protective similarity bias, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(8),  827-833.
  • Hackmiller, K. L.  (1966).  Threat as a determinant of downward comparison.  Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, (Suppl. 1), 32-39.
  • Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H.  (1973).  On the use of the mass media for important things.  American Sociological Review,  38, 164-181.
  • Keller, T.  (1993).  Trash TV.  Journal of Popular Culture,  26(4), 195-206.
  • Kunda, Z.  (1990).  The case for motivated reasoning,  Psychological Bulletin, 108(3),  480 - 498. 
  • Lieberman,  Joe  (public statement made at the Talk Show Campaign News Conference on October 26, 1995).
  • Major, B., Testa, M., & Bylsma, W. H.  (1991).  Responses to upward and downward social comparisons: The impact of esteem-relevance and perceived control. In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social Comparison Processes: Contemporary theory and research. (pp. 237-260).   Hillsdale, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Mettee, D. R., & Smith, G.  (1977).  Social comparison and interpersonal attraction: The case for dissimilarity.  In J. M. Suls & R. L. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, (pp. 69-102). Washington, D. C:  Hemisphere.
  • Miller, D. T., Turnbull, W., & McFarland, C.  (1988).  Particularistic and universalistic evaluation in the social comparison process, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 908-917.
  • Mr. Showbiz, Star Bios.  Internet Home Page (1997).  [Internet Home Page titled, "Star Bios on Ricki Lake."] Web site: http://www.celebsite.com/people/rickilake/
  • Molleman, E., Pruyn, J., & vanKnippenberg, A.  (1986).  Social comparison processes among cancer patients, British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 624-634.
  • Morse, S. J. & Gergen, K. J.  (1970).  Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(1), 148-156.
  • Munson, W.  (1993).  All Talk.  Philadelphia, PA:  Temple University Press.
  • Nielsen Media Research (1997).  TV Ratings: Syndication  [Internet Website]  http://www.ultimatetv.com/news/nielsen/syndicati on.html
  • Paulhaus, D. L.  (1988).  Assessing self-deception and impression management in self-reports: The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, Unpublished manual, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Potts, R.,  & Sanchez, D. (1994).  Television viewing and depression: No news is good news.  Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 38,(1),  79-90.
  • Priest, P.  (1995).  Public intimacies: Talk show participants and tell all TV.  Cresskill, NJ:  Hampton Press
  • Raynor, J. O., & McFarlin, D. B.  (1986).  Motivation and the self-system.  In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 315-349).  New York, NY:  Guilford.
  • Reis, T. J., Gerrard, M., & Gibbons, F.  (1993).  Social comparison and the pill: Reactions to upward and downward comparison of contraceptive behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(1), 13-20.
  • Regan, P. C., Snyder, M., & Kassin, S. M.  (1995).  Unrealistic Optimism: Self-enhancement or person positivity, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 1073-1082.
  • Ricki Lake Internet Home Page.  (1997, October).  Internet Address: http://www.spe.sony.com/tv/shows/ricki/
  • Robinson, J. P., Shaver, Phillip, R., & Wrightsman, L. S.  (Eds.).  (1991).   Measures of  Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes.  San Diego, California: Academic Press. Inc.
  • Rubin, A. M.  (1981).  An examination of television viewing motivations.  Communication Research.  8, 141-165.
  • Rubin, A. M.  (1985).  Uses of daytime television soap operas by college students.  Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,  29, 241-258.
  • Rubin, A. M.  (1986). Uses, gratifications, and media effects.  In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Perspectives On Media Effects (pp. 281-301). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Rubin, A. M., & Rubin, R. B.  (1982).  Older person's TV viewing patterns and motivations.  Communication Research, 9, 287-313.
  • Rubin, A. M.  (1994).  Media uses and effects: A uses and gratifications perspective.  In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Ed.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. (pp. 417-436). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M.  (1988).  Audience activity and soap opera involvement.  Human Communication Research, 14(2), 246-268.
  • Schulz, R., & Decker, S.   (1983).  Long-term adjustment to physical disability:  The role of social support, perceived control and self-blame.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1162-1172.
  • Seta, J.  (1982).  The impact of comparisons processes on coactors' task performance.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 281-291.
  • Shaver, P. R., & Brennan, K. A.  (1991).  Measures of depression and loneliness. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, (pp. 191-289). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Sherman, S. J., Presson, C. C.  & Chassin, L.  (1984).  Mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect: The special role of threats to the self.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 127-138.
  • Simmons Market Research Bureau  (1991).  Study of Media and Markets  New York, NY.
  • Steele, C. M.  (1988).  The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self.  Advances in Experimental Social   Psychology, 31, 261-302.
  • Swann, W. B., Jr.    (1990).  To be adored or to be known?  The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification.  In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, (Vol. 2, pp. 408-448), New York, NY: Guilford Press. 
  • Suls, J. M.  (1977).  Social comparison theory and research.  in J. M Suls & R. L. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, (pp. 1-19).  Washington, D. C.: Hemisphere Publishing.
  • Suls, J. M., & Wills, T. A. (1991).  Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research.  In J. M Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.).  Washington, D. C.: Hemisphere Publishing.
  • Taylor, S E., & Brown, J.  (1988).  Illusion and a well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health.  Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
  • Taylor, S. E., & Lobel, M.  (1989).  Social comparison activity under threat:  Downward evaluation and upward contacts.  Psychological Review, 96(4),  569-575.
  • Taylor, S. E., Buunk, B. P., & Aspinwall, L. G.   (1990).  Social comparison, stress, and coping, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(1), 74-89.
  • Tesser, A.  (1991).  Emotion in Social Comparison and Reflection Processes.   In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Ed.),  Social Comparison Processes: Contemporary theory and research. (pp. 117-145). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Thomas, Brad   (1997, Feb. 4).    The Tech Talk  (Internet home page, http://eb.journ.latech.edu:80/Tech Talk/95-96/Apr.-04-96/04-television.html.)
  • Thornton, D., &  Arrowood, A. J.  (1966).  Self-evaluation, self-enhancement, and the locus of social comparison, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, (Suppl. 1), 40-48.
  • Trope, Y.  (1986).  Self-enhancement and self-assessment in achievement behavior. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 350-378).  New York, NY:  Guilford.
  • VanYperen, N. W.  (1992).  Self-enhancement among major league soccer players: The role of importance and ambiguity on social comparison behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(15), 1186-1198.
  • Wheeler, L.  (1991).  A brief history of social comparison theory, In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Ed.),  Social Comparison Processes: Contemporary theory and research. (pp. 3-21). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Wheeler, L., & Reis, H. T.  (1991).  Self-recording of everyday life events: Origins, types, and uses, Journal of Personality, 59(3),  339-354.
  • Wheeler, L., & Miyake, K.  (1992).  Social comparison in everyday life, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(5), 760-773.
  • Wills, T. A.  (1981).  Downward comparison principles in social psychology.  Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),  245-271.
  • Wills, T. A.  (1991).  Similarity and self-esteem in downward comparison. In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Ed.),  Social Comparison Processes: Contemporary theory and research. (pp. 51-74).  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Wood, J. V.  (1989).  Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes.  Personality Bulletin, 106,(2),  231-248.
  • Wood, J. V  (1996).  What is social comparison and how should we measure it?, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(5), 520-537.
  • Wood, J. V., &  Taylor, S. E., & Lichtman, R. R.  (1985).  Social comparison in adjustment to breast cancer.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.  49, 1169-1183.
  • Wood, J. V., & Taylor, K. L.  (1991).  Serving self-relevant goals through social comparison.   In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Ed.),  Social Comparison Processes: Contemporary theory and research. (pp. 261-285). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Wood, J. V., Giordano-Beech, M., Taylor, K. L,, Michela, J. L., Gaus, V. (1994).  Strategies of social comparison among people with low self-esteem: Self-protection and self-enhancement, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 713-731.
  • Zillman, D., & Bryant, J. (1986).  Exploring the entertainment experience.  In J. Bryant and D. Zillman (Ed.), Perspectives on Media Effects.  (pp. 303-324).  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Zoglin, R.  (1991, October).  Running off at the mouth,  Time,  79-82.
  • Zuckerman, M.  (1979).  Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal.  Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Copyright© 1998 Dr. Cynthia M. Frisby,Univ. of Missouri, Missouri School of Journalism,  Dept. of Advertising