|
Blood
sample |
Normal |
Clinical
Significance |
| Arterial
Blood Gases (ABG) |
PaO2 = 80-100 mm Hg
PaCO2 = 35-45 mm Hg
pH = 7.35-7.45
HCO3 = 22-26 mEq/l
SaO2 = 95-99% |
Panic Values
for ABGs
PaO2: < 40
PaCO2: < 20 or > 70
pH: < 7.2 or > 7.6
HCO3: < 10 or > 40
SaO2: < 60%
* See more information
regarding CO2 Retention.
|
Degrees of Hypoxia:
mild: PaO2 of 60-80 mm
mod: PaO2 of 40-60 mm
severe: PaO2 < 40 mm |
Hematocrit
(Hct) |
Female:
36-46%
Male: 42-52%
|
Low values = Anemia: monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea
*Anemia may present with a normal PulsOx.
RBC / Blood = ___
% |
Hemoglobin
(Hgb) |
Female:
12-15 g/dl
Male: 14-17 g/dl |
Low values = Anemia: monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea
Chemotherapy :
< 10 -- hold aerobic exercise |
| RBC
Count |
Female:
4 -5.5 million/mm3
Male: 4.5 - 6.2 million/mm3 |
Low values = Anemia: monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea
High values: In
COPD, may indicate Polycythemia, a compensation for
pulmonary dysfunction that makes blood thicker, and increases
risk of CVA, etc. |
"Sed
Rate",
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) |
Female:
1-25 mm/hr
Male: 0-17 mm/hr |
Bad if elevated.
Used to diagnose, or follow the course of inflammatory diseases,
e.g. rheumatic conditions
Alternative
calculation of normal value:
Female: (age + 10) / 2
Male: age / 2 |
| Total
WBC Count |
5,000
- 10,000 /mm3 |
> 10,000 indicates systemic infection (more than just local
colonization)
Chemotherapy :
< 5,000: use reverse isolation, see patient in room, careful hygiene,
hold aerobic exercise |
Platelets,
Thrombocytes |
200,000
- 500,000 /mm3 |
Chemotherapy:
- 30,000 – 50,000: avoid resisted exercise, risk of internal hemorrhage, ambulation OK
- < 30,000: bedside, gentle AROM
- < 20,000: consult with physician or nurse before activity
|
| |
|
|
| Creatinine |
Female:
0.6 - 1.2 mg/dl
Male: 0.5 - 1.1 mg/dl
Elderly values are lower because of reduced muscle mass |
Renal
function measure: high values are bad.
May indicate nephropathy, end stage renal d.
Can occur in brittle diabetics also. |
| |
|
|
| Potassium
(K) |
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/l |
Low (hypokalemia)
secondary to: vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or use of loop
diuretics e.g. Lasix, furosemide. Also increases the risk
of digitalis toxicity.
Result of low K: ventricular arrhythmias
High (hyperkalemia)
secondary to: overuse of K supplements, renal or endocrine
problem.
Result of high K: ventricular arrhythmias, asystole |
| Calcium
(Ca) |
8.2
-10.2 mg/dl |
Low (hypocalcemia):
secondary to: abuse of laxatives, renal failure, low dietary
calcium or Vit. D intake, excessive magnesium intake.
Result of low Ca: osteoporosis, muscle spasms / tetany,
calcium deposits in tissue; cardiac arrhythmia, asystole
High (hypercalcemia):
secondary to: immobilization, metastatic bone CA; overuse
of antacids containing calcium
Result of high Ca:
thirst; polyuria; renal stones; decreased muscle tone and
DTRs; tachycardia; cardiac arrhythmia, asystole |
| Sodium
(Na) |
136
-145 mEq/l |
Low (hyponatremia)
secondary to: fluid loss from diarrhea, vomiting, diaphoresis,
diuretic use.
Result of low Na: postural hypotension, abdominal cramps,
headache, fatigue, weakness
High (hypernatremia)
secondary to: dehydration, high salt intake, poor renal
function
Result of high Na: edema, tachycardia |
| Diabetes |
|
Clinical
Significance |
Blood
Glucose:
for diagnosis |
100
-125 mg/dl |
A 12
hour fasting blood glucose (FBG) reading at this level is diagnostic
of "pre-diabetes", insulin resistance, or glucose
intolerance.
It may be a component of metabolic syndrome. |
Blood
Glucose:
for diagnosis |
>
126 mg/dl |
A 12
hour fasting blood glucose (FBG) reading, on 2 different days
at this level is diagnostic of diabetes. |
| Glycosylated
Hemoglobin (HBA1c) or A1c |
4 -
6% is normal |
Lab work done at
the doctor's office, that gives an average of the last 3 month's
BG.
The goal for diabetic patients it to keep the value <
7% |
Pulmonary
Function Test (PFT) results for COPD and for RLD
| |
FVC |
FEV1 |
FEV1
/ FVC |
| COPD |
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% of predicted
Mod: 50-65% of predicted
Severe: < 50% of predicted |
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% of predicted
Mod: 50-65% of predicted
Severe: < 50% of predicted |
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% of predicted
Mod: 50-65% of predicted
Severe: < 50% of predicted |
| RLD |
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% of predicted
Mod: 50-65% of predicted
Severe: < 50% of predicted |
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% of predicted
Mod: 50-65% of predicted
Severe: < 50% of predicted |
Normal
or increased.
80-100% of predicted |
BP - lifespan values
Vital signs - pediatric
values
| Adult Values |
SBP |
DBP |
| Normal |
<
120 |
<
80 |
| PreHypertension |
120-139 |
80-89 |
| HTN
- Stage 1 |
140-159 |
90-99 |
| HTN
- Stage 2 |
>
160 |
>
100 |
- According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National
Committee on Detection, Education, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
(JNCVI). 2003
Ejection Fraction
(EF), defines degrees of heart failure:
- Mild failure: 40-60%
EF
- Moderate failure:
20-40% EF
- Severe failure <
20% EF
CHF is quantified by an echocardiogram (US) reading
of elevated EDV (End Diastolic Volume and decreased
SV (Stroke Volume)
Rheumatic diseases
and tests with which they may be strongly associated:
Bartlett, S. (2006). Clinical Care in the Rheumatic
Diseases. (3rd ed.). Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals.
American College of Rheumatology. Atlanta : ARHP
| Rheumatoid
factor (RF) |
RA
-70%, Sjogrens -90% (p.44-5) |
| Antinuclear
Antibodies: ANA (Fluorescent ANA = FANA) |
SLE
- 99% (p.45) |
| HLA
B27: Human Leukocyte Antigens |
AS
- 90%, Reiters - 80% (p.178) |
| ESR
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate & CRP (C-reactive protein) |
RA and
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Most useful
as serial measurements to track the course of the disease,
especially when in active inflammation (p.48) |
| Uric
Acid Crystals (synovial aspiration) |
Gout
or pseudogout (p.44) |
| WBC
levels |
- Most
indicative of Gout (synovial aspiration)
- Normal
in RA, but can be elevated during inflammatory phase (p.47-48).
- Leukopenia
and other hematologic disorders can occur in SLE (p.188)
|
BMI
calculator
BMI
table
| Underweight |
<
18.5 |
| Normal
weight |
18.5
- 24.9 |
| Overweight |
25
- 29.9 |
| Obesity |
>
30 |
| Morbid
Obesity |
>
40 |
VO2 Max / 3.5 = METs
Ankle Brachial Index
(ABI):
Clinical application: decisions about use of compression, and use
of sharp debridement. Prognostic for wound healing.
Ankle SBP / Brachial SBP
Must have a doppler US to hear SBP at the dorsalis pedis artery.
Cuff goes around calf).
For normal persons, leg SBP is higher than brachial SBP.
| 0.9
- 1.2 |
Normal |
| 0.7
- 0.9 |
Mild
arterial disease (intermittent claudication pain) |
| 0.5
- 0.7 |
Moderate
arterial disease (claudication pain at rest) |
| <
0.5 |
Severe
arterial disease (risk of gangrene) |
Falsely high values that
are > 1.2 may indicate arteriosclerosis (diabetes), because
the vessels are calcified and non-compressible by the BP cuff. Referral
for other testing would be appropriate.
Radiology for the PT:
Radiographs of normal joints and pathology.
Has a feature which allows you to turn bony landmark labels on and off, so you can do a self-quiz of bony anatomy.
|
University
of Missouri
School of Health Professions
Department of Physical Therapy
Contact
webmaster |
|
