APA is a standard citation format for papers. This is a quick-reference sheet. If you would like to learn more about using APA, check out the APA Tutorial . Sources used in your paper must be cited in the text of the paper and on the reference page. Each time you have a source cited in the text, there must be a corresponding citation on the reference page at the end of the paper.

In-Text Citations

There are two ways to do in text citations. 1) One way is to use the author or organization name in the sentence. If you do this, simply follow that name with the year of publication in parentheses (and a page number if it is a direct quotation).

Example: According to Freedom Forum (1995) the most frequent targets of on-campus hate speech are women, Blacks, homosexuals, Asians, and Jews.

Example: Fraleigh and Tuman (1997) argue that the courts have consistently rejected campus hate speech codes.

2) A second way to cite a source in the text is to put the information in parentheses at the end of the sentence.

Example: The most frequent targets of on-campus hate speech are women, Blacks, homosexuals, Asians, and Jews (Freedom Forum, 1995).

Example: The courts have consistently rejected campus hate speech codes (Fraleigh & Tuman, 1997).

Some other rules about in text citations:

1. When a source has two authors, use both names every time the work is cited. Use an “and” to connect the author names if they are included in the sentence and a & if the author names appear at the end of the sentence. See above for an example.

2. If a source has more than two authors, use all the names the first time the citation occurs; thereafter use the first author's last name followed by et al.

Example: According to James, Hardesty, and Miller (1996) hate speech can cause psychological harm to the victims.

Later in the same work: James et al. (1996) suggest that victims of hate speech continue to suffer from the effects for years after the incident.

3. For a web site, list the author of the page and the year in the text.

Example: (American Civil Liberties Union, 1996).

For a particular page on a web site, start with the author of the site, followed by the year, then the title of the specific page.

Example: (American Civil Liberties Union, 1996, “Hate speech on campus,” ).

Common Types of Reference Page Citations

All references are to be double spaced.

Journal article, one author
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23 , 3-43.

Journal article, two authors
Walther, J. B., & Burgoon, J. K. (1992). Relational communication in computer-mediated interaction. Human Communication Research, 19, 50-88.

Magazine Article
Hafner, K. (1994, November 7). Get in the MOOd. Newsweek, pp. 58-65.

Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages
Herszenhorn, D. M. (1995, March 29). Students turn to Internet for nationwide protest planning. The New York Times, p. B8, B12.

Entire book
Gates, H. L. (1994). Speaking of race, speaking of sex: Hate speech, civil rights, and civil liberties. New York: New York University Press.

Book with two authors
Heumann, M., & Church, T. W. (1997). Hate speech on campus: Case studies and commentary. Boston: Northeastern University.

Reference to an article or chapter in an edited book
Walther, J., & Tidwell, L. (1996 ). When is mediated communication not interpersonal? In K. M. Galvin & P. Cooper (Eds.), Making connections: Readings in relational communication (pp. 300-307). Los Angeles: Roxbury.

Edited Book
Kiesler, S. (Ed.). (1997). Culture of the internet. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Book with multiple authors, edition
Christians, C. G., Fackler, M., & Rotzoll, K. B. (1995). Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning (4th ed.). New York: Longman.

Web site
American Civil Liberties Union (1998). [On-line]. Available: http://www.aclu.org

Online journal
Parks, M. I., & Floyd, K. (1996). Making friends in cyberspace. Journal of Communication, 46 (1), [On-line] . Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/parks.html

Web site with a particular web page being cited
American Civil Liberties Union (1996). Hate speech on campus [On-line]. Available: http://www.aclu. org/library/pbp16.html

Court case
John Doe v. University of Michigan, 721 F. Supp. 852 (1989).

An article from a database where original page numbers do not match the page numbers of the printout (include the page numbers of the original source).
Gross, K.A. & Kinder, D.R. (1998). A collision of principles? Free expression, racial equality and the prohibition of racist speech. British

Journal of Political Science, 28, (3) pp. 445-472. OVID File: Infotrac Article Number: A2102453

The Constitution
United States Constitution (1787).

Direct Quotations

1. When the quotation is less than 40 words, incorporate it into the paragraph. Use double quotation marks around the text of the quotation. Cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, but inside the final punctuation mark for the sentence.

2. When the quotation is 40 words or more, use a block (indent the quotation five spaces from the left margin. Type subsequent lines flush with the indent. Double space the quotation. Cite the source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark.

3. Don't end a paragraph with a quotation. Interpret the quote for the reader. Why is it important? What is the implication of the quotation?